CMS pulse oximeters are the little medical devices that they plug onto your fingertip whenever you go to the Emergency Room or before an operation. Sometimes they put them onto the earlobes. In tiny babies, they use a foot. The purpose of the device is to measure the percentage of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen. Generally, this number should always be at 95% or higher.
The physical principles of how a pulse oximeter works are beyond the scope of this article. It is based on the absorbance of light. By shining light of two different wavelengths into the skin, the instrument can calculate the light absorbance, and hence the concentration of O2 in blood that is circulating in the arteries.
While this is a decent method of measuring oxygen saturation, it gives no information about the actual level of oxygen in the blood. More accurate measurements of blood oxygen levels may be obtained by measuring arterial blood flow. The best method of doing this is by sticking a needle directly into an accessible artery.
They need a good reason to measure arterial oxygen levels because placing the needle into an artery is very painful to the patient. This is fine if the person is unconscious, as if they were under an anesthetic or unconscious. If they are awake and aware, it feels like someone is plunging a needle directly into bone.
One of the circumstances where pulse oximetry is employed is during sleep studies. These investigations require an overnight stay in the hospital and are done for the purpose of finding out if someone has a condition called sleep apnea. This is when a person periodically stops breathing during the night. At best, they wake up drowsy and fuzzy-headed. At worst, it is a risk factor for life-threatening conditions like heart attack and stroke.
There are two categories of sleep apnea, neurological and obstructive. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is more common than neurological sleep apnea, but no less dangerous. Treatments may include a device that is prescribed by a dentist to keep the mouth partially open at night, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or, in extreme cases, surgery to correct an anatomic deformity that makes the airway unable to open.
The other kind of sleep apnea, neurological or central sleep apnea, is rarer and more serious than OSA. Rather than being unable to breathe, your brain doesn't bother to try. This is usually associated with a serious underlying condition affecting the brain stem, which is the part of the brain that controls breathing. Central sleep apnea may manifest itself alone or alongside OSA.
Anybody can be diagnosed with either form of sleep apnea. The principal risk factors are age over 40, obesity and being male. This is a particularly heart-breaking condition in young babies, who can sometimes stop breathing for periods as long as 20s. This is frightening for new parents. Fortunately, alarms are available that can sound an alert when the baby has an apnea episode. CMS pulse oximeters may also be purchased for use at home for both adult and child use.
The physical principles of how a pulse oximeter works are beyond the scope of this article. It is based on the absorbance of light. By shining light of two different wavelengths into the skin, the instrument can calculate the light absorbance, and hence the concentration of O2 in blood that is circulating in the arteries.
While this is a decent method of measuring oxygen saturation, it gives no information about the actual level of oxygen in the blood. More accurate measurements of blood oxygen levels may be obtained by measuring arterial blood flow. The best method of doing this is by sticking a needle directly into an accessible artery.
They need a good reason to measure arterial oxygen levels because placing the needle into an artery is very painful to the patient. This is fine if the person is unconscious, as if they were under an anesthetic or unconscious. If they are awake and aware, it feels like someone is plunging a needle directly into bone.
One of the circumstances where pulse oximetry is employed is during sleep studies. These investigations require an overnight stay in the hospital and are done for the purpose of finding out if someone has a condition called sleep apnea. This is when a person periodically stops breathing during the night. At best, they wake up drowsy and fuzzy-headed. At worst, it is a risk factor for life-threatening conditions like heart attack and stroke.
There are two categories of sleep apnea, neurological and obstructive. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is more common than neurological sleep apnea, but no less dangerous. Treatments may include a device that is prescribed by a dentist to keep the mouth partially open at night, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or, in extreme cases, surgery to correct an anatomic deformity that makes the airway unable to open.
The other kind of sleep apnea, neurological or central sleep apnea, is rarer and more serious than OSA. Rather than being unable to breathe, your brain doesn't bother to try. This is usually associated with a serious underlying condition affecting the brain stem, which is the part of the brain that controls breathing. Central sleep apnea may manifest itself alone or alongside OSA.
Anybody can be diagnosed with either form of sleep apnea. The principal risk factors are age over 40, obesity and being male. This is a particularly heart-breaking condition in young babies, who can sometimes stop breathing for periods as long as 20s. This is frightening for new parents. Fortunately, alarms are available that can sound an alert when the baby has an apnea episode. CMS pulse oximeters may also be purchased for use at home for both adult and child use.
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